Exposure of infants to antibiotics via cord blood, breast milk, and formula: A review on exposure level, temporal variation, and risk assessment.

Summary: Antibiotics are used everywhere today, from farms to hospitals. Because of this, tiny amounts of these medicines end up in our environment. This is a big worry for babies, who are very sensitive to medicines. This report looks at how babies get exposed to antibiotics before and after they are born. The three main ways are through the mother's umbilical cord blood, breast milk, and baby formula. The study shows that these early exposures might harm a baby's stomach bugs (microbiome), how they grow, and their organs. Experts say doctors and scientists need to keep a close eye on this to keep babies safe and healthy as they grow up.