Lead-free perovskites for solar cell applications: recent progress, ongoing challenges, and strategic approaches.

Summary: Solar panels made from a new material called "perovskite" are super powerful and could soon replace traditional silicon panels. But there is a big problem: they contain lead, which is toxic to humans and the environment. To fix this, scientists are working hard to create lead-free versions. These new lead-free solar cells are much safer and last longer, but they aren't quite as powerful yet—reaching about 15% efficiency compared to 25% for the lead ones. This article looks at the latest progress, the hurdles scientists face, and how they plan to tweak the materials to make these eco-friendly solar cells even better in the future.